A continuation of ARA 111, but with a more complex and broader range of Arabic vocabulary and a wide variety of conversation situations.

Intensive course in the basic grammatical features of standard Arabic which will enable students to read and understand Arabic texts.

Essential grammatical features of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). An intensive study of the morphological patterns of derived Arabic verbs I-IV. Nominal and adjectival formations in Arabic.

A general introduction to Arabic Literature from the pre-Islamic period till Modern period. Themes and features of the pre-Islamic prose, poetry, and oratory compositions.

Arabic essay writing on familiar and current subjects, covering social, political, and domestic themes: Pre-requisite for ARA 214

Issues involved in Second Language Acquisition/Learning with particular reference to Arabic. Acquisition/Learning barriers, affective factors, methods, viz: grammar-translation method, audio-lingual, communicative etc. Study Questions, tasks, discussion topics. Assessment of learners in ESL.

Listening; Enabling Skills and note taking, comprehension and information retrieval: General, comprehensive and information retrieval: Data, figures, Diagrams, and charts, listening for main ideas, for interpretation and critical evaluation Effective reading, skimming, and scanning, Reading and comprehending at varying speed level Reading and comprehension at various speed levels. Vocabulary development in various academic contexts; reading diverse texts in narratives and expository. Reading and comprehension passages with tables, scientific texts. Reading for interpretation and critical evaluation.

Writing paragraphs: Topic sentence and coherence. Development of paragraphs: illustration, Description, cause and effect including definitions. Formal letters; essential parts and stylistic forms, complaints and requests; jobs, ordering goods, letters to government and other organizations. Writing reports; reporting event, experiments. Writing summaries: techniques of summarizing letters and sounds in English, vowels and consonants. Interviews, seminar presentation, public speech making, articles, concord and sentences including tenses. Gerund, participles, active, passive and the infinitive. Modal auxiliaries.

Skills for studying: listening skills, reading, writing and note-taking; How to study: be in the right frame of mind, have the right equipment, what to do while studying; use of the library: why do you use the library, other services offered in a library; Preparing for examinations I; why examination, secret of examination, the examination day; Preparing for examinations II: who is qualified for an examination, read widely, revision, tit-bits on revision; studying for different types of examination: essay-type examination; Studying for multiple-choice and short-answer examinations.

General description of the nature and basic scientific methods and theories; History of western science and science in ancient times, middle ages and the rise of modern science; An overview of African science, man and his environment and natural resources; Nature, scope and technological development and innovations; Great scientists of Nigerian origin.

Getting started: How to use the book, why read about study skills, getting yourself organized, what is studying all about, reading and note taking: Introduction, reactions to reading, your reading strategy, memory, taking notes, conclusion. Other ways of studying: Introduction, learning in groups, note taking and lectures, learning from T.V. and Radio broadcasts, other study media. Working with numbers: Getting to know numbers, describing the world, describing the tables, describing with diagrams and graphs, what is good writing? The importance of writing, what does an essay look like? What is a good essay? Conclusion. How to write essays: Introduction, the craft of writing, the advantages of treating essay writing as a craft, making your essay flow, making a convincing case, the experience of writing, and preparing for examination.

What is a computer? Types of Computer; History of Digital Computer; Element  of  a Computer: Hardware  and Software; How to work with  a computer; Operating System  Windows Files  word processing, copying a text, saving, Changes to  a document  and Formatting, spelling checker and introduction to  Printing a document; Spread sheet, Entering and correcting data; Using  Formula; Numeric Formats Creating Charts; Types of Charts; Power  Points  and  presentation.

Networking: Internet and E-mail; Reading and responding to an E-mail message. Introduction to Basic concepts of the Computer System; A survey of various uses of the Computer; Computer applications in the Modern Society; Effects of Computerization of the Workplace; Computer Ethnics and Security Issues, Classical examples of the effects of the internet on the society.

Brief description of computer system: CPU, I/O devices; Operating systems; Computer File Management; Computer Software: overview, types, etc.; Application software: common application software; Using Microsoft Word; Using Microsoft Excel; Features of Database Applications and Microsoft Access; Statistical Analysis Applications; Using SPSS software; Introduction to Desktop Publishing applications; Computer applications in Nursing; Computer applications in Agriculture; Managing the computer system with the Control Panel.

Definition of sociology, family, marriage, society, and culture, socialization; Conforming, deviance, power, authority, leadership, social organizations, Group, social differentiation, religion, social interactions, social stratification, social mobility, collective behaviour, public opinion and propaganda, social change.

Definition and Meaning of Islam; The basic principles of Islam and articles of faith. The importance and implications of kalimatu-sh-shahāda. Sources of guidance in Islam. Islam and Western Civilisation. The different sciences associated with Islam.

What is Linguistics? Language and Linguistics, History of Linguistics, The nature of (Human) Language, Human Language versus Animal Language, Linguistic knowledge and performance, Language, Brain and the Mind, The Evolution of Language, The Autonomy of Language, Formal descriptions of Language, Grammar and types of Grammar (Descriptive, Prescriptive, and Teaching), Language Universals, Language in Society, Language and Culture; Sign Language; Language Varieties; Contrastive Linguistics; Sociolinguistics

 Introduction- Review of Part 1, Introduction to Phonology and Distinctive Features; Phonetics: Phoneme; Morphology: Morpheme and Words; Syntax: the Sentence; Semantics: Meaning; Pragmatics; Discourse Analysis; Language acquisition (First and Second); Language and Technology; Language and Development (issues of exclusion); Historical Linguistics and Language Change; Applied Linguistics; Psycholinguistics; Writing Systems/Orthography development; Modern Schools of Thought; Linguistic Methodologies; Language Documentation; Corpus Linguistics.

Historical Background and Phonological Structure; Historical Antecedents to Modern English; Language and Structure; The Structure of the sound system of English; Syllable structure in English; Non Segmental Features of English; Syntactic Structure; Word classes; Open class items; Closed class items; Sentence structure; Sentence types: Structural and Functional; Clauses in Sentence Structure; Group Structure, Morphological structure; Basic units of Word Structure; The Nature of the Morpheme; Affixation; Inflection and Derivation; Other Word formation processes.

Construction of different types of sentences; correct use of tenses, agreement between subject and verb, in the context of compound and complex sentences. Organization and development of types of paragraphs; introduction of basic editing and proofreading skills.

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